Certbolt provides top-notch exam prep MCD - Level 1: MuleSoft Certified Developer - Level 1 (Mule 4) certification training video course to prepare for the exam. Additionally, we have Mulesoft MCD - Level 1 exam dumps & practice test questions and answers to prepare and study. pass your next exam confidently with our MCD - Level 1: MuleSoft Certified Developer - Level 1 (Mule 4) certification video training course which has been written by Mulesoft experts.

MuleSoft Certified Developer - Level 1 (Mule 4) Training and Certification Guide

In the modern digital era, every organization relies on seamless connectivity between its systems, applications, and data sources. Integration has become the backbone of efficient business operations, and this is where MuleSoft stands out as one of the most powerful integration platforms in the world. The MuleSoft Certified Developer - Level 1 (Mule 4) certification is designed for developers and integration specialists who want to build their expertise in creating, managing, and deploying Mule applications. This certification proves your ability to design and implement APIs, automate workflows, and handle real-world integration challenges using the Mule 4 runtime engine and the Anypoint Platform.

The MuleSoft ecosystem has grown rapidly because it empowers organizations to adopt API-led connectivity—a method that allows systems and services to communicate effortlessly through reusable and standardized APIs. This not only saves development time but also makes business processes scalable and future-ready. The certification helps professionals understand the full lifecycle of an API, from design and implementation to deployment and management, providing them with a comprehensive foundation in integration architecture. Whether you are new to MuleSoft or looking to validate your hands-on skills, this training ensures that you gain a clear and practical understanding of how to build enterprise-grade applications using Mule 4.

Course Overview

The MuleSoft Certified Developer - Level 1 (Mule 4) course offers a complete learning journey through the Anypoint Platform, Mule runtime engine, and core integration patterns. It is structured to combine theory with practical exercises, ensuring that learners not only understand the concepts but can also apply them in real-world scenarios. The course introduces the fundamentals of integration and API-led connectivity, gradually progressing to advanced features such as DataWeave transformations, error handling, and deployment to CloudHub. Through hands-on labs and guided examples, participants learn how to create flows, connect multiple systems, and handle data securely and efficiently.

The training begins with an introduction to the MuleSoft ecosystem, where learners explore how Mule applications interact with various systems through connectors and APIs. Then, it delves into how to use Anypoint Studio, MuleSoft’s integrated development environment, to design and implement flows. A significant portion of the course is dedicated to mastering DataWeave 2.0, MuleSoft’s powerful data transformation language, which allows developers to manipulate, map, and transform data between formats such as JSON, XML, and CSV. The training also covers error handling strategies, event-driven architecture, and deployment to MuleSoft’s cloud platform.

By the end of the course, learners will have gained a solid understanding of the Mule 4 architecture, its building blocks, and how to design scalable integration solutions using API-led principles. This prepares them for the official MuleSoft Certified Developer - Level 1 (Mule 4) exam, which validates their skills and opens up numerous career opportunities in integration development and cloud automation.

What You Will Learn from This Course

• Understand MuleSoft’s Anypoint Platform and its key components
  
  

• Learn how to design and implement Mule applications using Mule 4
  
  

• Use Anypoint Studio to build, test, and debug integration flows
  
  

• Work with connectors, scopes, and processors to manage data and events
  
  

• Explore the use of API Designer and Exchange for API management
  
  

• Transform data using DataWeave 2.0 for various formats
  
  

• Implement error handling and logging strategies
  
  

• Learn how to deploy Mule applications to CloudHub and Runtime Manager
  
  

• Gain hands-on experience with real-world integration projects
  
  

• Prepare confidently for the MuleSoft Certified Developer Level 1 exam

Learning Objectives

The primary objective of this MuleSoft Certified Developer - Level 1 (Mule 4) course is to enable learners to become proficient in building and managing integrations on the MuleSoft platform. It aims to provide a strong conceptual foundation in Mule 4 architecture while ensuring practical experience with development tools and techniques. By understanding both the theoretical and practical aspects, participants will be able to approach integration challenges methodically and design solutions that meet enterprise needs.

This course focuses on helping learners gain expertise in the core concepts of API-led connectivity, enabling them to create APIs that are reusable, secure, and scalable. It also ensures participants can work effectively with MuleSoft’s ecosystem, including Anypoint Exchange, Design Center, API Manager, and Runtime Manager. By the end of the training, learners will not only be ready for the certification exam but also capable of applying MuleSoft development skills in professional environments to streamline business operations and drive digital transformation initiatives.

The learning objectives include understanding the architecture of Mule 4 and its runtime engine, working with various connectors to integrate systems, creating data transformations using DataWeave, applying error handling best practices, and deploying Mule applications efficiently. Learners will also be able to leverage Anypoint Platform’s tools for API lifecycle management, from designing and publishing APIs to monitoring and maintaining them in production. Additionally, participants will develop an understanding of RESTful API design principles and how they relate to MuleSoft’s integration approach.

Requirements

Before enrolling in this MuleSoft Certified Developer - Level 1 (Mule 4) course, learners should have a basic understanding of programming logic, data formats, and web-based communication protocols. Familiarity with XML, JSON, and RESTful APIs will be helpful but not mandatory. A fundamental understanding of integration concepts, such as data transformation and message flow, will allow students to grasp MuleSoft concepts more easily.

Participants should also be comfortable working with Java-based environments since MuleSoft is built on the Java platform. Although deep Java expertise is not required, knowing basic programming syntax and object-oriented principles will enhance the learning experience. Learners should also be familiar with using graphical user interfaces and have experience with tools such as Eclipse or IntelliJ IDEA since Anypoint Studio functions in a similar way.

Access to a stable internet connection and a modern computer system is necessary, as this course includes hands-on labs and exercises that require the installation of Anypoint Studio and access to the Anypoint Platform. Students will be guided through setup and configuration steps at the beginning of the course to ensure that the development environment is properly configured for practice sessions.

Course Description

The MuleSoft Certified Developer - Level 1 (Mule 4) training is designed to provide a deep understanding of Mule 4 fundamentals, development techniques, and API-led connectivity. It covers all aspects of the MuleSoft ecosystem and prepares learners for real-world integration projects and the certification exam. The course begins with an introduction to MuleSoft’s role in digital transformation and how its Anypoint Platform simplifies integration through reusable APIs and connectors. Participants are then introduced to Anypoint Studio, where they learn how to build and configure flows that handle events, data transformation, and routing.

Throughout the training, learners will gain hands-on experience with multiple components, including flows, subflows, scopes, connectors, and transformers. The course explores how to design Mule applications that communicate with REST and SOAP services, databases, and file systems. In addition, it focuses on how to manage properties, variables, and expressions to ensure flexibility and maintainability in Mule projects. The course also provides an in-depth look at DataWeave, MuleSoft’s functional programming language designed specifically for transforming and mapping data. Through detailed exercises, participants will learn to convert data between formats, filter and group records, and use functions to perform complex transformations.

Another critical aspect of the course is error handling. Learners will explore Mule 4’s robust error handling framework, understanding how to configure error handling scopes such as try, on error propagate, and on error continue. They will also learn about global error handlers and how to log and monitor errors effectively to maintain reliable application performance.

After gaining a solid foundation in development, the course shifts to deployment strategies. Students learn how to deploy applications to MuleSoft’s CloudHub and on-premise runtimes using Anypoint Runtime Manager. They also explore monitoring and managing applications post-deployment using built-in tools. Furthermore, the course includes guidance on best practices for designing reusable and scalable APIs using API-led connectivity, focusing on how experience, process, and system APIs interact to build a complete integration architecture.

Finally, learners are introduced to the MuleSoft Certified Developer Level 1 (Mule 4) exam format, including question types, time limits, and preparation tips. With mock assessments and guided practice sessions, the course ensures that participants feel confident and well-prepared to achieve certification success. The training is comprehensive, covering both the conceptual and practical dimensions required to become a proficient MuleSoft developer.

Target Audience

This MuleSoft Certified Developer - Level 1 (Mule 4) training is ideal for individuals who want to build expertise in system integration and API development. It is particularly suited for developers, software engineers, integration specialists, and architects who wish to gain hands-on experience with the MuleSoft Anypoint Platform. Whether you are an experienced developer transitioning into integration roles or a new professional seeking to build a career in MuleSoft development, this course provides the right foundation to help you succeed.

Software developers who want to understand API-led connectivity and create integration flows across different systems will benefit greatly from this training. System administrators and DevOps professionals who need to manage and deploy MuleSoft applications can also gain valuable insights into deployment and monitoring techniques. IT professionals involved in digital transformation, enterprise architecture, or cloud migration initiatives will find that this certification helps them understand how to unify data and processes through APIs.

This training is also beneficial for organizations aiming to upskill their development teams in integration technologies. Team leads, project managers, and solution architects can use the knowledge gained from this course to design scalable and reusable integration frameworks. Students and recent graduates in computer science or information technology who want to start a career in integration development can use this course as a stepping stone to gain industry-recognized certification and practical expertise.

Prerequisites

To get the most out of this course, participants should meet a few basic prerequisites. A fundamental understanding of programming concepts, data structures, and object-oriented design will be helpful in understanding Mule 4 logic. While prior experience with Java or JavaScript is advantageous, it is not mandatory. Familiarity with XML, JSON, and other data representation formats will make working with DataWeave transformations more intuitive.

Basic knowledge of integration concepts such as message queues, APIs, and web services is also beneficial. Since MuleSoft is an integration platform, understanding how different systems communicate over HTTP, FTP, and database connections will provide context for the hands-on exercises. Learners should be comfortable using developer tools and environments and possess basic troubleshooting skills to navigate through development challenges.

To participate effectively in the hands-on labs, learners should have access to a computer system that meets the technical requirements for running Anypoint Studio, including sufficient RAM and processing power. They should also be able to install and configure software and use browsers such as Chrome or Firefox to access the Anypoint Platform. Although prior exposure to integration tools or middleware solutions is not required, having a general awareness of enterprise integration challenges will enhance comprehension and learning outcomes.

The Importance of MuleSoft in Modern Integration

MuleSoft plays a pivotal role in enabling organizations to connect systems, services, and data sources seamlessly. With enterprises increasingly adopting hybrid and multi-cloud environments, the ability to integrate applications effectively has become crucial. MuleSoft’s API-led approach simplifies integration by breaking it into smaller, reusable components. Each API can be independently developed, deployed, and managed, making it easier to scale and maintain systems. The Mule 4 runtime engine is designed for high performance and flexibility, supporting a wide range of integration use cases such as real-time data synchronization, batch processing, and event-driven messaging.

The MuleSoft Certified Developer - Level 1 (Mule 4) certification provides professionals with the skills required to work effectively with these technologies. As digital ecosystems become more interconnected, certified MuleSoft developers are increasingly sought after by companies aiming to streamline business processes and enhance agility. The certification not only demonstrates technical competence but also reflects a developer’s ability to design scalable solutions that contribute to enterprise growth and innovation.

MuleSoft’s Anypoint Platform provides a unified environment for API design, development, deployment, and monitoring, allowing developers to manage the complete lifecycle of integration projects. By learning how to leverage this platform, professionals can help organizations improve operational efficiency, reduce costs, and accelerate innovation through connectivity.

Building a Strong Foundation for the Certification

Achieving the MuleSoft Certified Developer - Level 1 (Mule 4) credential requires both theoretical understanding and practical experience. This training helps learners build that foundation by combining guided instruction with hands-on exercises. Through interactive lessons, learners explore core Mule 4 concepts such as message structures, flow design, and event processing. The course provides practical exposure to working with connectors, which enable communication with systems such as databases, web services, and SaaS applications.

A key part of the certification preparation involves mastering DataWeave. DataWeave is the functional programming language used in MuleSoft to perform data transformation and mapping. Understanding how to use DataWeave effectively is essential for building applications that handle complex data interactions between systems. The training includes exercises that allow learners to practice data mapping, filtering, and transformation to ensure that they are comfortable with the syntax and operations of DataWeave 2.0.

The course also emphasizes best practices for designing scalable and maintainable Mule applications. Learners are introduced to concepts such as modular flow design, global configuration properties, and reusable assets. By applying these principles, developers can ensure that their applications are easier to maintain and extend. The training also includes coverage of error handling mechanisms, allowing learners to build fault-tolerant integrations capable of handling runtime exceptions gracefully. These skills are essential for building production-ready applications that deliver consistent performance and reliability.

Preparing for the Certification Exam

The MuleSoft Certified Developer - Level 1 (Mule 4) exam assesses a candidate’s knowledge of key Mule 4 concepts and the ability to apply them in practical situations. The exam typically consists of multiple-choice and multiple-select questions that cover areas such as flow design, DataWeave transformations, error handling, API implementation, and deployment. Time management is crucial during the exam, as candidates must answer all questions within the allotted time frame.

This training provides learners with exam-focused preparation, including practice tests, quizzes, and review sessions. Each module is aligned with the exam objectives to ensure comprehensive coverage of all required topics. Learners gain insights into the question patterns, difficulty levels, and common pitfalls to avoid during the exam. By the end of the course, participants will not only have the confidence to attempt the certification exam but also possess practical knowledge that can be applied directly in their professional projects.

The MuleSoft Certified Developer - Level 1 (Mule 4) certification is an industry-recognized credential that demonstrates your ability to work effectively with integration technologies. It is an excellent way to validate your skills, stand out in the job market, and unlock new career opportunities in software development, system integration, and enterprise architecture.

Course Modules/Sections

The MuleSoft Certified Developer - Level 1 (Mule 4) training is carefully structured into modules that provide a comprehensive understanding of MuleSoft development. Each module builds on the previous one to ensure learners gradually gain expertise while reinforcing their practical skills. The first module focuses on the foundations of MuleSoft and API-led connectivity. It introduces learners to the Anypoint Platform, its components, and the core principles of designing integration solutions. This module ensures participants understand the architecture of Mule 4, the role of APIs in integration, and how to approach application development from a lifecycle perspective.

The second module dives into Anypoint Studio, where learners get hands-on experience creating integration flows, subflows, and handling events. This module emphasizes practical application of theoretical concepts, with exercises designed to simulate real-world scenarios. Participants learn to configure connectors to communicate with various systems, manage variables and properties, and implement robust logging mechanisms. Understanding how to leverage the platform’s components effectively is a critical skill for MuleSoft developers, and this module ensures that learners are comfortable navigating Anypoint Studio.

The third module covers DataWeave 2.0, MuleSoft’s transformation language. Participants explore how to manipulate data in multiple formats, including JSON, XML, and CSV. This module includes extensive exercises that cover filtering, grouping, mapping, and applying functions to data streams. Learners also gain insights into performance optimization for data transformations, which is crucial for developing high-efficiency applications in enterprise environments. By the end of this module, participants can confidently create complex transformations and integrate them into Mule applications seamlessly.

The fourth module focuses on error handling and exception management. It introduces learners to Mule 4’s error handling framework, covering different scopes such as try, on error continue, and on error propagate. Participants also learn about global error handling strategies, monitoring exceptions, and logging errors for debugging and maintenance purposes. This module ensures that learners can create fault-tolerant applications capable of recovering from unexpected failures, which is essential for enterprise-grade integration solutions.

The fifth module covers API implementation and deployment. Learners explore the use of API Designer, API Manager, and Anypoint Exchange for managing the complete API lifecycle. This module also includes deployment techniques for CloudHub and on-premise runtimes, as well as strategies for monitoring applications post-deployment. By the end of this module, participants have a complete understanding of how to design, implement, and manage Mule applications and APIs effectively.

The final module consolidates all learning by providing exam preparation exercises, mock assessments, and case studies. Participants apply their knowledge to solve complex integration problems, reinforcing their understanding of the concepts and their ability to implement solutions under real-world constraints. This module ensures that learners are ready to attempt the MuleSoft Certified Developer Level 1 (Mule 4) exam with confidence.

Key Topics Covered

The training curriculum covers a broad range of topics essential for becoming a proficient MuleSoft Certified Developer. These topics include an in-depth exploration of the Mule 4 runtime engine and its architecture, which allows learners to understand the core components of Mule applications, such as flows, subflows, and event processing. Participants also study API-led connectivity principles, including experience APIs, process APIs, and system APIs, to understand how to design reusable and scalable integration solutions.

Another key topic is the use of Anypoint Studio for developing Mule applications. Learners are introduced to various connectors and modules, including database, file, HTTP, FTP, and web service connectors. They also learn to configure processors, filters, routers, and scopes to manage event handling efficiently. The course emphasizes the importance of reusable components and modular application design to ensure maintainability and scalability.

DataWeave 2.0 is a major focus of the curriculum, as it allows developers to transform and manipulate data efficiently. Topics include writing DataWeave scripts for converting between formats, filtering data sets, applying functions, and handling complex mappings. Participants also explore how to optimize transformations for performance and integrate them seamlessly into flows.

Error handling and logging are critical topics in the curriculum. Learners study Mule 4’s error handling framework, including global error handling, exception scopes, and logging strategies. This ensures applications can handle runtime exceptions gracefully and maintain reliable operation in production environments.

The course also covers deployment and monitoring techniques. Participants learn how to deploy applications to CloudHub, configure runtime settings, and monitor application performance using Anypoint Runtime Manager. They also explore API implementation, security configuration, version management, and lifecycle management using Anypoint Platform tools. Additional topics include best practices for designing reusable assets, managing properties and environment-specific configurations, and leveraging Anypoint Exchange for asset sharing.

Finally, the curriculum includes exam preparation strategies. Topics covered include common exam scenarios, question types, and mock assessments designed to simulate the actual certification test. This ensures participants are confident and well-prepared for the MuleSoft Certified Developer Level 1 (Mule 4) exam.

Teaching Methodology

The teaching methodology of the MuleSoft Certified Developer - Level 1 (Mule 4) training combines conceptual instruction with hands-on practice to ensure learners gain both theoretical knowledge and practical experience. The course is structured to follow a step-by-step approach, beginning with foundational concepts and gradually progressing to advanced topics. Each module includes interactive lessons, real-world examples, and guided exercises that allow learners to apply concepts immediately in a practical context.

Instructors use a combination of demonstrations, exercises, and problem-solving scenarios to ensure that learners understand how to navigate the Anypoint Platform and develop efficient Mule applications. The teaching methodology emphasizes active participation, encouraging learners to experiment with flows, connectors, and DataWeave transformations. Collaborative learning techniques, such as group discussions and peer code reviews, are also used to reinforce understanding and provide diverse perspectives on integration challenges.

Additionally, learners are provided with practice labs and exercises that simulate real-world integration projects. This experiential learning approach ensures that participants gain confidence in implementing solutions, troubleshooting issues, and optimizing application performance. The course also integrates exam-focused instruction, highlighting key concepts, common pitfalls, and best practices to help learners prepare effectively for certification. By combining conceptual learning with practical application, the teaching methodology ensures that learners are equipped with the skills needed to succeed as MuleSoft Certified Developers.

Assessment & Evaluation

Assessment and evaluation are integral components of the MuleSoft Certified Developer - Level 1 (Mule 4) training. The course uses a combination of quizzes, hands-on exercises, and mock exams to assess learners’ understanding of concepts and their ability to apply them in practical scenarios. Each module concludes with assessment tasks designed to reinforce learning and provide feedback on areas that need improvement.

Hands-on exercises form a critical part of the evaluation process. Participants are tasked with creating Mule applications, implementing data transformations, configuring connectors, and handling errors, which are then reviewed by instructors to ensure correctness and adherence to best practices. This approach allows learners to receive immediate feedback and guidance on improving their development skills.

Mock exams are provided to simulate the format and difficulty of the official certification exam. These assessments include multiple-choice, multiple-select, and scenario-based questions to test both theoretical knowledge and practical application. Learners can track their performance, identify weak areas, and focus their preparation effectively. Additionally, continuous evaluation through quizzes and project reviews ensures that learners remain engaged throughout the course and build the confidence needed to succeed in real-world projects and the certification exam.

Benefits of the Course

The MuleSoft Certified Developer - Level 1 (Mule 4) training offers numerous benefits for professionals and organizations. For learners, the course provides a structured pathway to acquire industry-recognized certification, which enhances career prospects and demonstrates technical proficiency in integration development. The training equips participants with practical skills in designing, building, and managing Mule applications, preparing them for real-world integration projects and complex enterprise environments.

Organizations benefit by having a workforce capable of implementing API-led connectivity, streamlining business processes, and reducing time-to-market for integration initiatives. Certified MuleSoft developers can design reusable APIs, optimize data flows, and implement error handling strategies, ensuring reliability and efficiency across systems. The course also provides guidance on best practices for deployment, monitoring, and performance optimization, allowing organizations to maintain high-quality integration solutions.

Another key benefit is hands-on experience with the Anypoint Platform and Mule 4 runtime engine. Learners develop expertise in DataWeave transformations, connector configuration, flow design, and API management. These skills enable professionals to work effectively with hybrid and cloud-based architectures, enhancing organizational agility. Additionally, the training provides exam preparation support, ensuring that participants can achieve certification success on the first attempt.

Course Duration

The duration of the MuleSoft Certified Developer - Level 1 (Mule 4) training varies depending on the delivery format and the pace at which learners progress. Typically, the instructor-led course spans multiple days or weeks, with each session covering specific modules and topics. This format allows for interactive learning, real-time guidance from instructors, and collaborative exercises with peers.

For self-paced learners, the course duration is flexible, allowing participants to complete modules according to their schedule. Self-paced learning includes access to video lectures, practice exercises, and assessments that can be completed at any time. On average, learners spend several weeks to complete the full curriculum, gaining both conceptual understanding and hands-on experience.

Regardless of the learning mode, the course is structured to ensure comprehensive coverage of all topics required for certification. Learners are encouraged to practice consistently, complete assignments, and participate in exercises to reinforce learning and achieve proficiency in MuleSoft development.

Tools & Resources Required

Participants require several tools and resources to complete the MuleSoft Certified Developer - Level 1 (Mule 4) training successfully. The primary tool is Anypoint Studio, MuleSoft’s integrated development environment, which is used for designing, building, and testing Mule applications. Learners also need access to the Anypoint Platform, including API Designer, API Manager, and Anypoint Exchange, for managing API lifecycles and integrating assets.

A modern computer system with adequate RAM, storage, and processing power is necessary to run Anypoint Studio and perform hands-on exercises efficiently. Participants also need a stable internet connection to access online resources, documentation, and course materials. Knowledge of data formats such as JSON, XML, and CSV is beneficial, as is familiarity with RESTful APIs and basic programming concepts.

Additional resources include official MuleSoft documentation, sample projects, lab exercises, and practice assessments. Learners are encouraged to leverage these resources to gain deeper insights into the platform’s capabilities, reinforce learning, and prepare effectively for the certification exam.

Career Opportunities

Completing the MuleSoft Certified Developer - Level 1 (Mule 4) course opens up numerous career opportunities for IT professionals. Certified developers are in high demand across industries that rely on system integration, cloud services, and API-led connectivity. Job roles include integration developer, MuleSoft developer, API developer, integration architect, and solution architect. These positions involve designing and implementing integration solutions, managing APIs, and ensuring seamless communication between applications and data sources.

Organizations ranging from small enterprises to large multinational corporations seek MuleSoft-certified professionals to optimize business processes, reduce integration complexity, and enhance operational efficiency. The certification also provides a pathway for professionals to progress into advanced roles, including senior integration architect or platform lead, where they can oversee complex integration initiatives and mentor development teams.

In addition to technical roles, the certification can benefit project managers, DevOps engineers, and consultants involved in integration projects. Understanding MuleSoft development and best practices enables these professionals to collaborate effectively with development teams, manage project delivery, and contribute to strategic integration planning. Overall, achieving certification enhances employability, professional credibility, and career growth prospects in the integration domain.

Enroll Today

Enrolling in the MuleSoft Certified Developer - Level 1 (Mule 4) training is the first step toward mastering integration development and achieving industry-recognized certification. The course provides a structured learning path, combining theoretical instruction with practical, hands-on experience. Participants gain expertise in Anypoint Studio, Mule 4 runtime engine, DataWeave transformations, connectors, error handling, deployment, and API management, equipping them with the skills required to succeed in real-world integration projects.

The training is designed for professionals seeking career advancement, organizations aiming to upskill development teams, and individuals looking to enter the field of API and integration development. With flexible learning options, including instructor-led sessions and self-paced modules, learners can choose the format that best suits their schedule and learning style. By enrolling today, participants begin their journey toward becoming proficient MuleSoft developers, ready to implement scalable, reusable, and efficient integration solutions that drive digital transformation and enterprise success.

Certbolt's total training solution includes MCD - Level 1: MuleSoft Certified Developer - Level 1 (Mule 4) certification video training course, Mulesoft MCD - Level 1 practice test questions and answers & exam dumps which provide the complete exam prep resource and provide you with practice skills to pass the exam. MCD - Level 1: MuleSoft Certified Developer - Level 1 (Mule 4) certification video training course provides a structured approach easy to understand, structured approach which is divided into sections in order to study in shortest time possible.